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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:16

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis,...

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Acrocephalosyndactyly -- the coalesced hand.

N Rebelo1, R Duarte, M José Costa

  • 1Departamento de Cirurgia, Serviço de Medicina Física e Reabilitação, Hospital de Dona Estefânia, Lisboa, Portugal.

European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery ... [Et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie
|April 23, 2002
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Apert syndrome (AS) causes complex congenital hand malformations. Early surgical intervention can improve hand function significantly, though aesthetic results vary. Specialized centers are crucial for optimal outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Genetics
  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Apert syndrome (AS) is a rare genetic disorder affecting 1 in 80,000 children, characterized by craniosynostosis and complex syndactyly.
  • Hand deformities in AS significantly impede a child's interaction with their environment, potentially hindering intellectual and psychological development.
  • Congenital hand malformations in AS are among the most complex, presenting unique surgical challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the surgical treatment and outcomes of congenital hand malformations in children with Apert syndrome.
  • To assess the impact of early surgical intervention on hand function and development in AS patients.
  • To highlight the importance of specialized multidisciplinary care for managing Apert syndrome.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 71 children treated for hand syndactyly between January 1987 and January 1999.
  • Detailed review of surgical timing, procedures, and functional outcomes for six patients diagnosed with Apert syndrome.
  • Assessment of functional hand gains achieved before school age.

Main Results:

  • Six sporadic cases of Apert syndrome with complex hand syndactyly were identified among 71 patients.
  • A trend towards earlier surgical intervention (before age two) was observed to optimize functional hand outcomes.
  • Achieved functional hand gains ranged from 40% to 65% in AS patients before school age, with varying aesthetic results.

Conclusions:

  • Early surgical intervention is key to improving hand function in Apert syndrome patients.
  • Multidisciplinary specialized centers are essential for effective resource utilization and achieving optimal results in managing Apert syndrome.
  • While functional outcomes are prioritized, aesthetic results in AS hand reconstruction can be variable.