Diffraction by a small aperture in conical geometry: application to metal-coated tips used in near-field scanning...

Light diffraction through a subwavelength aperture located at the apex of a metallic screen with conical geometry is investigated theoretically. A method based on a multipole field expansion is developed to solve Maxwell's equations analytically using boundary conditions adapted both for the conical geometry and for the finite conductivity of a real metal. The topological properties of the diffracted field are discussed in detail and compared to those of the field diffracted through a small aperture in a flat screen, i.e., the Bethe problem. The model is applied to coated, conically tapered optical fiber tips that are used in near-field scanning optical microscopy. It is demonstrated that such tips behave over a large portion of space like a simple combination of two effective dipoles located in the apex plane (an electric dipole and a magnetic dipole parallel to the incident fields at the apex) whose exact expressions are determined. However, the large "backward" emission in the P plane--a salient experimental fact that has remained unexplained so far--is recovered in our analysis, which goes beyond the two-dipole approximation.