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Updated: Jul 31, 2026

Tobacco Hornworm as an Insect Model System for Cannabinoid Pre-clinical Studies
Published on: December 29, 2021
Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of orally administered cannabinoids in MS
J Killestein1, E L J Hoogervorst, M Reif
1Department of Neurology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. J.Killestein@vumc.nl
Abstract:
The authors conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, twofold crossover study in 16 patients with MS who presented with severe spasticity to investigate safety, tolerability, and efficacy of oral Delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabis sativa plant extract. Both drugs were safe, but adverse events were more common with plant-extract treatment. Compared with placebo, neither THC nor plant-extract treatment reduced spasticity. Both THC and plant-extract treatment worsened the participant's global impression.
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