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Related Concept Videos

The Scientific Method01:32

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves formulating a question based on observation, developing a testable potential explanation for the observation (called a hypothesis), making and testing predictions based on the hypothesis, and using the findings to create new hypotheses and predictions.
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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated, individuals become less...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Method Development for Contactless Resonant Cavity Dielectric Spectroscopic Studies of Cellulosic Paper
05:40

Method Development for Contactless Resonant Cavity Dielectric Spectroscopic Studies of Cellulosic Paper

Published on: October 4, 2019

The hidden research paper.

Richard Horton1

  • 1The Lancet, 32 Jamestown Rd, London NW1 78Y, England. richard.horton@lancet.com

JAMA
|June 1, 2002
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Research papers often fail to represent scientists' true opinions, excluding critical insights and diverse viewpoints. This study highlights the need for structured discussions to improve scientific reporting accuracy.

Keywords:
Biomedical and Behavioral ResearchEmpirical Approach

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Research
  • Scientific Publishing
  • Research Integrity

Background:

  • Assessing the accuracy of published research findings as representations of contributor opinions.
  • Investigating potential discrepancies between stated findings and authorial consensus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if research papers accurately reflect contributors' opinions on the reported research.
  • To identify instances of excluded criticism or obscured meanings in scientific publications.

Main Methods:

  • Qualitative analysis of survey responses from 54 contributors across 10 Lancet research articles.
  • Comparison of contributor answers to study-related questions with the published research report.

Main Results:

  • 67% of contributors responded; many admitted weaknesses not in the paper.
  • Significant disagreement among contributors regarding findings' importance and implications.
  • Published reports often excluded diverse contributor opinions and lacked systematic discussion.

Conclusions:

  • Research papers seldom capture the full spectrum of contributors' opinions.
  • Evidence suggests self-censored criticism and obscured meanings in scientific writing.
  • Recommends structured discussion sections and exploring methods to include contributor plurality.