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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

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For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
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Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
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Aggregates contain pores of varying sizes; while some are completely enclosed within the particles, others open onto the surface, allowing water to penetrate. The porosity of aggregates is a major factor contributing to the overall porosity of concrete, given that aggregates constitute about three-quarters of concrete's volume.
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Porosity in Cement Paste

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The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
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Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers
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Coordination-driven self-assembly: solids with bidirectional porosity.

Katie Campbell1, Christopher J Kuehl, Michael J Ferguson

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2G2, Canada.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 20, 2002
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created a new porous material using metal-directed self-assembly of macrocycles. This material exhibits bidirectional channels, showing potential for selective uptake of small organic guests like dichloroethane.

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Solid-phase Submonomer Synthesis of Peptoid Polymers and their Self-Assembly into Highly-Ordered Nanosheets
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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Coordination-driven self-assembly is key for creating discrete supramolecular species and coordination polymers.
  • Challenges in forming porous networks include lattice interpenetration, hindering small molecule uptake.
  • Nanoscale macrocycles offer a strategy to create porous solids by preventing interpenetration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a bidirectionally porous solid material.
  • To circumvent lattice interpenetration issues in coordination polymer formation.
  • To explore the potential of self-assembled macrocycles for creating porous structures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized metal-directed self-assembly of a conjugated macrocyclic ligand.
  • Characterized the resulting discrete supramolecular entity in solution and solid state.
  • Employed X-ray crystallographic analysis to determine solid-state packing and channel formation.

Main Results:

  • A discrete, supramolecular entity was successfully formed via metal-directed self-assembly.
  • X-ray crystallography confirmed the assembly packs to create bidirectional channels.
  • Selective incorporation of 1,2-dichloroethane (ClCH2CH2Cl) into the crystal lattice was observed.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized material forms a bidirectionally porous solid.
  • The observed bidirectional channels are suitable for the selective uptake of small organic guests.
  • This approach provides a viable strategy for designing porous materials that avoid lattice interpenetration.