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Do low dose-rate bystander effects influence domestic radon risks?

D J Brenner1, R K Sachs

  • 1Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA. djb3@columbia.edu

International Journal of Radiation Biology
|June 25, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Radon exposure risks may be underestimated due to bystander effects, where irradiated cells damage nearby healthy cells. Accounting for these effects in models is crucial for accurate domestic radon risk assessment.

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Area of Science:

  • Radiation biology
  • Cellular toxicology
  • Radioecology

Background:

  • Radon exposure poses risks via alpha-particle damage to lung cells.
  • High-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation can induce bystander effects, damaging cells not directly hit.
  • These effects may explain non-linear dose-response and inverse dose-rate phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend a quantitative model of bystander effects to protracted exposures.
  • To assess the significance of bystander effects for long-term, low-dose radon exposure.
  • To improve the extrapolation of radon risks from occupational (miner) to domestic settings.

Main Methods:

  • Adapted a mechanistic model of high-LET bystander effects for low dose-rates.
  • Incorporated bystander effects as a superposition with direct radiation response.
Keywords:
Non-programmatic

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  • Attributed bystander effects to a subpopulation of hypersensitive cells, considering their replenishment during irradiation.

    • Main Results:

    • The model suggests one hit cell signals approximately 50 neighboring cells.
    • Linear extrapolation of miner data to domestic radon levels, without considering dose-rate, could underestimate risk by a factor of 4.
    • This factor aligns with estimates from the BEIR-VI report.

    Conclusions:

    • Bystander effects offer a mechanistic explanation for inverse dose-rate effects and non-linear dose-responses from high-LET radiation.
    • The model provides a mechanistic basis for empirical exposure-time correction factors used in radon risk assessment (e.g., BEIR-VI).
    • Accurate radon risk assessment necessitates incorporating bystander effects and dose-rate considerations.