A transperitoneal laparoscopic approach to endourology

Although endoscopic methods have become the preferred means of management for many diseases facing the genitourinary surgeon, a laparoscopic approach might be considered comparable or advantageous in select circumstances. In the literature, laparoscopists reporting their work have favored the transperitoneal approach; however, there are clear advantages and disadvantages to both transperitoneal and retroperitoneal laparoscopy. Intracorporeal suturing remains the most time-consuming aspect of reconstructive surgery, and research emphasis has been on suturing devices and novel anastomotic techniques. Laparoscopic pyeloplasty is efficacious and should be considered, particularly in the case of a capacious renal pelvis, crossing vessel, or failed previous endopyelotomy. Laparoscopic pyelolithotomy is uniquely suitable for patients with aberrant anatomy, such as a horseshoe kidney, and may be performed concurrently with pyeloplasty for ureteropelvic junction obstruction. The use of laparoscopic extravesical ureteral reimplantation awaits further development in both open and subtrigonal injection techniques. Its use in colposuspension is undetermined and requires further study as suturing technology improves. During laparoscopic exploration, it is possible to address intraoperative injuries to the ureter and bladder laparoscopically. In summary, laparoscopic surgery of the urinary tract is a "work in progress," but it offers promise for some of the most challenging of circumstances. As the technology advances and the clinical experience widens, the indications and contraindications for these techniques will be better established.