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Related Experiment Videos

Comparative percutaneous absorption of pyrithiones.

D Howes, J G Black

    Toxicology
    |November 1, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study investigated pyridine-2-thione-N-oxide (PT) absorption through animal skin. Sodium PT showed higher skin penetration than zirconium or zinc PT, with safety margins for zinc PT in human shampoos.

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    A strategy for the assessment of percutaneous absorption.

    Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA·2010

    Area of Science:

    • Dermatology
    • Toxicology
    • Pharmacokinetics

    Background:

    • Percutaneous absorption of pyridine-2-thione-N-oxide (PT) derivatives is crucial for product safety.
    • Understanding species-specific skin permeability and compound-specific absorption is essential.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the in vivo percutaneous absorption of sodium (Na), zinc (Zn), and zirconium (Zr) PT derivatives.
    • To determine the influence of contact duration and concentration on PT absorption.
    • To assess the safety of ZnPT in human shampoo formulations.

    Main Methods:

    • In vivo studies using radiolabeled PT (3H or 35S) in rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs.
    • Application of PT solutions to animal skin, followed by monitoring of isotope excretion in excreta.
    • Intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injections to measure isotope turnover and excretion pathways.

    Main Results:

    • Sodium PT exhibited the highest skin penetration, followed by Zr PT, then Zn PT.
    • Rabbit skin demonstrated higher permeability than rat or guinea pig skin.
    • NaPT penetration depended on contact time and concentration; ZnPT penetration depended on concentration but not contact time.
    • All species rapidly excreted injected isotopes, primarily via urine.

    Conclusions:

    • Species-specific differences in skin permeability and PT derivative penetration exist.
    • ZnPT demonstrates an adequate safety margin for use in human shampoos up to 1% (w/v).
    • Contact duration and concentration significantly impact NaPT absorption, while only concentration affects ZnPT absorption.

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