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Related Concept Videos

Karyotyping01:17

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by special staining techniques that produce a particular banding pattern on each chromosome. State-of-the-art techniques make this approach even more powerful, enabling the detection of individual genes that cause disease.A Simple Chromosome Staining Technique Provides Valuable Scientific InsightSome genetic diseases can be detected by looking at...
Karyotyping01:17

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by special staining techniques that produce a particular banding pattern on each chromosome. State-of-the-art techniques make this approach even more powerful, enabling the detection of individual genes that cause disease.A Simple Chromosome Staining Technique Provides Valuable Scientific InsightSome genetic diseases can be detected by looking at...
Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...
Human Genetics01:28

Human Genetics

Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...
Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
12:21

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Published on: September 12, 2011

Cytogenetic abnormalities in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Theresa M Bastain1, Caroline M Lewczyk, Wendy S Sharp

  • 1Child Psychiatry Branch of the NIMH, USA.

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
|July 11, 2002
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic testing for fragile X syndrome and velocardiofacial syndrome is not recommended for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and normal intelligence, unless specific clinical signs are present.

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Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
10:02

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Published on: March 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Pediatrics
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Background:

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children.
  • Cytogenetic abnormalities are sometimes associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • Fragile X syndrome and velocardiofacial syndrome are specific genetic conditions that can present with developmental challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of fragile X syndrome, velocardiofacial syndrome, and other cytogenetic abnormalities in children diagnosed with ADHD.
  • To evaluate the clinical utility of genetic screening in this population.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 100 children with combined-type ADHD and normal intelligence underwent genetic analysis.
  • Testing included fragile X mutation analysis, 22q11.2 microdeletion testing for velocardiofacial syndrome, and high-resolution chromosomal banding.
  • Blood samples were used for all analyses.

Main Results:

  • One girl with ADHD exhibited sex chromosome aneuploidy (47,XXX).
  • One boy carried a premutation allele for fragile X, but no full mutation was detected.
  • All subjects tested negative for the 22q11.2 microdeletion.
  • The observed abnormalities did not exceed expected frequencies by chance.

Conclusions:

  • Routine genetic screening for fragile X syndrome and velocardiofacial syndrome is not clinically indicated for children with ADHD and normal intelligence, absent specific clinical indicators or family history.
  • These genetic tests are not recommended as part of broader genetic investigations for ADHD in this patient group.