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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor (Eph) and its ligand, Eph receptor-interacting protein (Ephrin) were first discovered in the human carcinoma cell line, hence the name. Ephrin-Eph interaction guides cells to reach their appropriate location in adult tissues. They also play an essential role in the immune system by helping in immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. Based on their structure and function, Eph is divided into two classes — EphA and EphB.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis
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Developmental regulatory genes and echinoderm evolution.

G A Wray1, C J Lowe

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5245, USA. gwray@duke.edu

Systematic Biology
|July 16, 2002
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Evolutionary changes in echinoderm morphology are linked to altered developmental gene expression. Comparative phylogenetic analyses reveal novel patterns of gene evolution, including gains and losses of developmental roles and expression domains.

Keywords:
Non-programmatic

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Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Modified interactions and expression domains of developmental regulatory genes are crucial for evolutionary morphological changes.
  • Analyzing developmental gene data within a phylogenetic context is essential but underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct comparative analyses of regulatory gene expression data in Echinodermata.
  • To understand echinoderm evolution and the evolution of regulatory genes using a phylogenetic approach.

Main Methods:

  • Reconstruction of independent evolutionary histories for regulatory genes, their expression domains, developmental roles, and expressed structures.
  • Comparative analysis of gene expression data across different echinoderm taxa.

Main Results:

  • Identified distinct evolutionary patterns, including the appearance of new developmental roles/domains (some bilateral, some radial/asymmetric) and the loss of presumed ancestral bilaterian roles/domains.
  • Observed retention of ancestral bilaterian roles with modified expression domains, affecting both adult and larval structures.
  • Dated evolutionary changes to early (>450 Ma) and recent (<50 Ma) periods, noting potential convergence in expression domains.

Conclusions:

  • Echinoderm evolution involved significant changes in developmental gene regulation, including gains, losses, and modifications of expression domains.
  • Phylogenetic analysis of gene expression data provides critical insights into evolutionary processes.
  • Caution is advised when inferring homology of morphological structures from developmental regulatory gene expression due to potential convergence.