ApoA-I structure on discs and spheres. Variable helix registry and conformational states

Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) readily forms discoidal high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles with phospholipids serving as an ideal transporter of plasma cholesterol. In the lipid-bound conformation, apoA-I activates the enzyme lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase stimulating the formation of cholesterol esters from free cholesterol. As esterification proceeds cholesterol esters accumulate within the hydrophobic core of the discoidal phospholipid bilayer transforming it into a spherical HDL particle. To investigate the change in apoA-I conformation as it adapts to a spherical surface, fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies were performed. Discoidal rHDL particles containing two lipid-bound apoA-I molecules were prepared with acceptor and donor fluorescent probes attached to cysteine residues located at specific positions. Fluorescence quenching was measured for probe combinations located within repeats 5 and 5 (residue 132), repeats 5 and 6 (residues 132 and 154), and repeats 6 and 6 (residue 154). Results from these experiments indicated that each of the 2 molecules of discoidal bound apoA-I exists in multiple conformations and support the concept of a "variable registry" rather than a "fixed helix-helix registry." Additionally, discoidal rHDL were transformed in vitro to core-containing particles by incubation with lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Compositional analysis showed that core-containing particles contained 11% less phospholipid and 633% more cholesterol ester and a total of 3 apoA-I molecules per particle. Spherical particles showed a lowering of acceptor to donor probe quenching when compared with starting rHDL. Therefore, we conclude that as lipid-bound apoA-I adjusts from a discoidal to a spherical surface its intermolecular interactions are significantly reduced presumably to cover the increased surface area of the particle.