[Roger Frugardi and the tradition of Langobardic surgery]

The surgical manual 'Rogerina' ('cyrurgia') of the Lombardic surgeon Roger Frugardi (before 1140, + about 1195) belongs to the most-read texts in medieval Occident. This book laid the foundation for the species of the occidental surgical manuals and influenced them up to modern times. In addition, Roger's manual shows the literation of an segment of knowledge, that has been transmitted until then orally: Roger has completed the surgical knowledge with Salernitan experiences, he arranged it anatomically and presented it in a pathologic-traumatological systematization. This article describes the history of research of the 'cyrurgia' and analyzes to the last detail the later versions of the surgical manual: The addition of glosses by Roland of Parma, 'Additiones', 'Chirurgia Rolandina', 'First Salernitan Gloss', 'Roger Marginalia of Erfurt', 'Four Masters Gloss', 'Therapeutic Roger Gloss', 'Chirurgia Jamati' and the widely extended Middle High German 'Roger Complex'. The authors demonstrate that Roger Frugardi's manual is in the tradition of the Germanic-Langobardic surgery.