Therapeutic modulation of inflammatory gene transcription by kinase inhibitors

Gordon Alton1, Klaus Schwamborn, Yoshi Satoh

  • 1Biochemistry Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 4215 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. galton@pfizer.com

Insights

Altered gene expression drives inflammatory diseases. Targeting protein kinases, enzymes regulating gene activity, offers a promising therapeutic strategy for inflammation treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Altered gene expression and protein levels are central to inflammatory disease aetiology.
  • Transcription factors control inflammatory gene expression, with their activity regulated by signal transduction networks.
  • Protein kinases are key signal transducers, modulating transcription factor activity through phosphorylation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review kinase inhibitors in development for inflammatory diseases.
  • To highlight the role of transcription factors in inflammation.
  • To explore targeted small molecule inhibitors for selective therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on protein kinase inhibitors.
  • Analysis of signal transduction pathways in inflammation.
  • Examination of transcription factor involvement in inflammatory gene regulation.

Main Results:

  • Protein kinases are crucial in pro-inflammatory signaling cascades.
  • Pharmacological inhibition of protein kinases presents a viable therapeutic approach for inflammation.
  • Imatinib exemplifies successful tyrosine kinase inhibition in medicine.

Conclusions:

  • Targeted kinase inhibitors offer potential for selective, tissue-specific therapies for inflammatory conditions.
  • Understanding kinase-transcription factor interactions is key to developing novel anti-inflammatory drugs.

Related Concept Videos

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
Eukaryotic transcription inhibitors usually contain two distinct domains, a DNA...
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...