Cultivating the cortex in German neuroanatomy

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• History of Science
• Genetics

Background:

• The concept of cerebral localization of mental functions was central to 19th-century neuroscience.
• Around 1900, localization faced challenges from holistic theories, experimental psychology, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis.

Observation:

• Despite challenges, anatomically-based localization persisted, undergoing revisions in tools, concepts, and practices.
• This period saw a shift from philosophical discussions to political claims regarding cortical 'cultivation' and 'Höherzüchtung' (higher breeding).

Findings:

• Theodor Meynert and Paul Flechsig established early frameworks linking anatomy to culture.
• Oskar and Cécile Vogt pioneered 'cerebral hygiene,' integrating neuroanatomy with genetics, racial hygiene, and eugenics.
• The Vogts' work evolved from socialist engagement to authoritarian rhetoric, advocating eugenics based on elite and criminal brain analysis.

Implications:

• The Vogts' program exemplified the hubris of using scientific authority to predict and control future developments.
• Their influence highlights the complex interplay between scientific research, political ideologies, and eugenics in the early 20th century.
• The Vogts' later careers in Nazi-era Germany, despite their political differences, underscore the lasting impact of their research and advocacy.