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D-amino acids in living higher organisms
1Research Reactor Institute, Kyote University Kumatori, Sennan, Osaka, Japan. nfujii@HL.rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Summary
D-amino acids, once thought eliminated, are now found in higher organisms. These D-amino acids play physiological roles in mammals and are linked to aging processes.
Area of Science:
- Biochemistry
- Origin of Life Studies
- Molecular Biology
Background:
- Biological systems exhibit homochirality, with L-amino acids and D-ribose being standard.
- D-amino acids and L-sugars were historically presumed eliminated on early Earth.
- Research on D-amino acids was limited, primarily focusing on microbial cell walls.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review recent findings on the presence and function of D-amino acids in higher organisms.
- To highlight the emerging roles of D-amino acids beyond microbial contexts.
- To discuss the implications of D-amino acid presence in physiological processes and aging.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of recent scientific publications.
- Analysis of studies reporting D-amino acid detection in various biological matrices.
- Synthesis of data on D-amino acid functions in mammals, peptides, and proteins.
Main Results:
- D-amino acids have been identified in free forms, peptides, and proteins in higher organisms.
- Free D-aspartate and D-serine show potential physiological functions in mammals.
- D-aspartate accumulation in proteins correlates with the aging process.
Conclusions:
- The established view of D-amino acid absence in higher organisms is being challenged by new evidence.
- D-amino acids are integral components with significant physiological roles in complex life.
- Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the functions and implications of D-amino acids in health and disease.