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Related Concept Videos

Barriers to Effective Communication II01:21

Barriers to Effective Communication II

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The barriers to effective communication also include cultural barriers, semantic barriers, gender barriers, and time constraints.
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According to obedience research, we may harm others under the forceful pressures of an authority figure (Milgram, 1974). How about if the inappropriate orders were delivered with less force? The increasing interdependence between nurses and physicians compelled Hofling and his colleagues to explore nurses’ reactions to a potentially harmful medical request made by the perceived authority figure, the doctor (Hofling, Brotzman, Dalrymple, Graves, & Pierce, 1966). In this situation,...
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Physiological Barriers01:25

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Physiological barriers are semi-permeable cellular structures restricting drug diffusion into intracellular compartments and tissues. There are six types of physiological barriers: blood endothelial, cell membrane, blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood-placenta, and blood-testis barriers.
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The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
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Diana Baumrind's four parenting styles — authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful, and permissive — each influence children's socio-emotional development differently.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 11, 2025

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect
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Public perceptions on breastfeeding constraints.

Ruowei Li1, Fred Fridinger, Laurence Grummer-Strawn

  • 1Maternal and Child Nutrition Branch, Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity (DNPA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop K-25, 4770 Buford Hwy, NE, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA.

Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association
|August 24, 2002
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Many US adults perceive breastfeeding constraints, with nearly half believing mothers sacrifice lifestyle habits. Negative views were more common among specific demographics, highlighting intervention needs.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Breastfeeding is a critical public health issue with significant benefits for infant and maternal health.
  • Societal perceptions and constraints can influence breastfeeding duration and exclusivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine public perceptions of breastfeeding constraints among US adults.
  • To identify specific societal attitudes that may hinder breastfeeding practices.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from the Healthstyles 2000 national mail survey.
  • Inclusion of 2369 US adults, with 2351 responding to breastfeeding-related items.

Main Results:

  • Positive perceptions were noted for 8 out of 12 breastfeeding items.
  • Significant negative perceptions included: 45% agreeing mothers sacrifice lifestyle habits, 31% believing babies should have solids by 3 months, 31% opposing breastfeeding at 1 year, and 27% finding public breastfeeding embarrassing.
  • Negative perceptions were more prevalent among non-white individuals, younger (under 30) and older (over 65) adults, and those with lower income and education levels.

Conclusions:

  • Public perceptions reveal significant constraints on breastfeeding in the US.
  • Targeted interventions considering demographic-specific negative perceptions are necessary to promote and support breastfeeding.
  • Addressing societal attitudes is crucial for increasing breastfeeding rates and duration.