Interactions between cells and titanium surfaces

The interaction between cells and implant materials is determined by the surface structure and/or surface composition of the material. In the past years, titanium and titanium alloys have proved their superiority over other implant materials in many clinical applications. This predominant behaviour is caused by a dense passive oxide layer which forms within milliseconds in oxidizing media. Titanium dioxide layers of 100 nm thickness were produced on the surface of cp-titanium grade 2, and on an experimental alloy of high vanadium content (Ti1.5Al25V) as a harmful control. The layers were produced by thermal and anodic oxidation and by coating by means of the sol-gel process. The resulting oxide layers were characterized with respect of their structure and chemical composition. In cell tests (proliferation, MTT, morphology, actin staining), the reaction of the cells was examined. It was shown that the sol-gel-produced titanium oxide layer is able to shield the cells from toxic alloying elements, with the result that the cell reaction is influenced only by the thin titanium oxide surface layer and not by the composition of the bulk material.