The lipids that matter from infant nutrition to insulin resistance

Breast-fed infants showed decreased incidence of obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart disease in later life and higher cognitive function. Breast milk is rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and brain preferentially accumulates LCPUFAs during the last trimester of pregnancy and the first few months of life. Breast-fed infants showed significantly lower plasma glucose levels and higher percentage of docosahexaenoic acid and total percentages of LCPUFAs in their skeletal muscle biopsies compared with formula fed. LCPUFAs suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, regulate the function of several neurotransmitters, enhance the number of insulin receptors in the brain and other tissues, and decrease insulin resistance. LCPUFAs may enhance the production of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which participate in neurogenesis. It is proposed that the beneficial effects of breast feeding in later life can be attributed to its rich LCPUFA content. It is likely that inadequate breast feeding results in marginal deficiency of LCPUFAs during the critical stages of development, which can lead to insulin resistance. Hence, promoting prolonged breast feeding and/or supplementing LCPUFAs during the critical stages of development may be beneficial in preventing insulin resistance.