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Related Concept Videos

Spermatogenesis01:41

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male reproductive...
Fertilization01:38

Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...
Life Histories01:29

Life Histories

Constrained by limited energy and resources, organisms must compromise between offspring quantity and parental investment. This trade-off is represented by two primary reproductive strategies; K-strategists produce few offspring but provide substantial parental support, whereas r-strategists produce much progeny that receives little care. These strategies are related to an organism’s survival likelihood across its lifespan, which is represented by a survivorship curve. Three general types of...
In Vitro Fertilization01:24

In Vitro Fertilization

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment before transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. This process is designed to help individuals and couples experiencing difficulties conceiving.
The IVF process begins with ovarian stimulation, during which reproductive endocrinologists prescribe hormonal medications to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs instead of the single...
Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2026

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives
08:46

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives

Published on: September 16, 2021

Four themes in fertility research.

M P Shields, R L Tracy

    Southern Economic Journal
    |July 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary

    U.S. fertility trends since 1920 were influenced by falling infant mortality, rising income, and women's labor force participation. Future fertility may see a temporary rise due to age structure shifts.

    Keywords:
    AmericasDemographic FactorsDeveloped CountriesDeveloping CountriesEconomic FactorsFertility--changesHistorical SurveyHuman ResourcesIncomeIntergenerational TransfersLabor Force--womenMicroeconomic FactorsModels, TheoreticalNorth AmericaNorthern AmericaPopulationPopulation DynamicsResearch MethodologySocioeconomic FactorsTime FactorsUnited States

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    Area of Science:

    • Demography
    • Sociology
    • Economics

    Background:

    • U.S. fertility rates have shown significant fluctuations since 1920.
    • Understanding the drivers of these trends is crucial for demographic and economic forecasting.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the key factors influencing U.S. fertility trends since 1920.
    • To examine the historical impact of selected variables on the total fertility rate.
    • To project future fertility implications based on identified trends.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized four key themes: time adjustment, income, female labor force participation, and intergenerational factors.
    • Selected single variables to represent each theme for model estimation.
    • Examined the changing role of these variables in explaining fertility rate variations over time.

    Main Results:

    • Early fertility decline was linked to reduced infant mortality.
    • Post-WWII fertility increase correlated with declining age structure and rising income.
    • Subsequent fertility decrease associated with increased female labor force participation and age structure changes.

    Conclusions:

    • Historical U.S. fertility is a complex interplay of demographic and socioeconomic factors.
    • Falling infant mortality and economic conditions significantly shaped fertility patterns.
    • Future fertility may experience a short-term increase driven by age structure dynamics.