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Related Concept Videos

Imprinting01:22

Imprinting

Behavioral imprinting is observed in some newborn animals and occurs when they develop strong and specific attachments to another animal (usually a parent) following brief, early-life exposures. Offspring imprint onto parents within a brief period after birth or hatching; this time window is called the critical period. Once imprinting occurs, the bond established between the parents and their offspring is usually long-lasting.
Mate Choice01:20

Mate Choice

Mate choice—the decision about whom to mate with—is a type of natural selection, since animals must reproduce to pass down their genes. Mate choice is also called intersexual selection because the behavior occurs between the sexes.
Limits to Natural Selection01:38

Limits to Natural Selection

Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.For one, natural selection can only act upon existing genetic variation. Hypothetically, redtusks may enhance elephant survival by deterring ivory-seeking poachers. However, if there are no gene variants—or alleles—for redtusks, natural selection cannot increase the prevalence of...
Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Windowing Chicken Eggs for Developmental Studies
15:01

Windowing Chicken Eggs for Developmental Studies

Published on: October 1, 2007

The development and modification of object preferences in domestic white leghorn chicks.

A A Einsiedel

    Developmental Psychobiology
    |November 11, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary

    Young chicks rapidly adapt to new objects, forming preferences quickly. Preference for a novel object increased monotonically with exposure duration, showing significant shifts within 5 hours.

    Area of Science:

    • Animal behavior
    • Developmental psychology
    • Comparative cognition

    Background:

    • Early life experiences significantly shape object preference in young animals.
    • Domestic chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) are a well-established model for studying learning and preference development.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the time course of adaptation to a novel object in domestic chicks.
    • To determine how the duration of exposure influences the development of a new object preference.

    Main Methods:

    • Domestic chicks were exposed to an initial stimulus for the first 3 days of life.
    • Stimuli were interchanged, and chicks were confined with a new object for varying durations.
    • Preference was measured as a function of exposure time to the new object.

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    Main Results:

    • A monotonic increase in preference for the new object was observed as a function of exposure hours.
    • Significant shifts in preference occurred rapidly, with measurable changes after just 5 hours of exposure.
    • The results indicate a rapid adaptation process in early-life preference formation.

    Conclusions:

    • Object preference in young domestic chicks is highly malleable.
    • The duration of exposure is a critical factor in the speed and strength of preference adaptation.
    • This study highlights the rapid capacity for learning and preference modification in early development.