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Related Experiment Videos

Artiodactyl IgD: the missing link.

Yaofeng Zhao1, Imre Kacskovics, Qiang Pan

  • 1Center for Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience at Novum, Karolinska Institute, SE-14157 Huddinge, Sweden. yafe@csb.ki.se

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|October 9, 2002
PubMed
Summary
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Immunoglobulin delta (IgD) genes are present and active in artiodactyls like cows, sheep, and pigs, challenging previous notions of its limited presence. This finding suggests IgD may have undiscovered biological functions beyond those of IgM.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Immunoglobulin delta (IgD) was previously thought to be exclusive to primates and rodents.
  • Its presence and function in other mammalian orders remained largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and characteristics of IgD genes in artiodactyl mammals (cows, sheep, pigs).
  • To understand the evolutionary origins and potential biological significance of IgD in these species.

Main Methods:

  • Gene identification and cDNA sequencing in cows, sheep, and pigs.
  • Deduction of amino acid sequences and structural analysis of IgD heavy chains.
  • Phylogenetic analysis to determine the evolutionary history of the Cdelta gene.
  • Identification of regulatory sequences involved in class switch recombination.

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Main Results:

  • Identified transcriptionally active IgD genes in cows, sheep, and pigs.
  • Artiodactyl IgD heavy chains exhibit structural similarity to human IgD, with conserved domain structures.
  • Phylogenetic analysis indicates Cdelta gene duplication from Cmu over 300 million years ago.
  • A specific duplication event in ruminants led to the Sdelta sequence, facilitating mu-delta class switching in cows.

Conclusions:

  • IgD is present and functional in artiodactyls, broadening its known evolutionary distribution.
  • The structural and evolutionary data suggest IgD may possess distinct biological roles.
  • The discovery of IgD in artiodactyls implies potential undiscovered functions conferring survival advantages, possibly in most mammals.