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The toxicity of phenothiazine.

S C Mitchell1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK.

Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions
|January 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary

Phenothiazine, a versatile compound, exhibits insecticidal, fungicidal, and antibacterial properties. However, its extensive use in animals and humans reveals adverse effects, including blood, neuromuscular, and photosensitization issues.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Toxicology
  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Medicinal Chemistry

Background:

  • Phenothiazine is a foundational compound for numerous modern pharmaceuticals.
  • It possesses broad-spectrum properties, including insecticidal, fungicidal, antibacterial, and anthelmintic activities.
  • Widespread application in both veterinary and human medicine has revealed significant adverse reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize existing literature on phenothiazine's interactions with biological systems.
  • To elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying phenothiazine's adverse effects.
  • To provide insight into the molecular interactions of phenothiazine and its metabolites.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review and appraisal of existing scientific information.
  • Analysis of reported adverse reactions associated with phenothiazine use.
  • Examination of phenothiazine's physicochemical properties, such as lipophilicity.
  • Investigation of the redox systems formed by phenothiazine metabolites.

Main Results:

  • Phenothiazine's extensive use has led to the identification of adverse effects impacting blood elements, neuromuscular function, and causing photosensitization.
  • The compound's high lipophilicity and its metabolites' redox activity are implicated in generalized macromolecular disruption.
  • A review of literature provides a basis for understanding phenothiazine's biological interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Phenothiazine's beneficial properties are counterbalanced by a significant risk of adverse reactions.
  • The molecular mechanisms of toxicity involve disruption of macromolecules, facilitated by lipophilicity and redox-active metabolites.
  • Further research into these interactions is warranted to better understand and mitigate phenothiazine's side effects.

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