Detection of the damage caused to DNA by niclosamide using an electrochemical DNA-biosensor

Niclosamide is the only commercially available molluscicide recommended by the WHO for large-scale use in schistosomiasis control programs. The electrochemical reduction and oxidation mechanism of niclosamide was studied using cyclic, differential and square wave voltammetry, at a glassy carbon electrode. An indirect procedure for in situ quantification of niclosamide using batch injection analysis with electrochemical detection, possible to be used for in situ determinations in river streams and effluents, was developed. It enabled a detection limit of 8 x 10(-7) M. The investigation of the niclosamide-DNA interaction using an electrochemical DNA-biosensor showed for the first time clear evidence of interaction with DNA and suggested that niclosamide toxicity can be caused by this interaction, after reductive activation.