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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

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All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

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All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency01:11

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The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession,...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Time-resolved atomic inner-shell spectroscopy.

M Drescher1, M Hentschel, R Kienberger

  • 1Institut für Photonik, Technische Universität Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27, A-1040 Wien, Austria. drescher@physik.uni-bielefeld.de

Nature
|October 25, 2002
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers directly measured atomic relaxation dynamics using attosecond resolution. A novel pump-probe experiment determined the M-shell vacancy lifetime of krypton to be 7.9 femtoseconds.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic Physics
  • Ultrafast Spectroscopy
  • Quantum Dynamics

Background:

  • Traditionally, atomic relaxation times are inferred indirectly from spectral linewidths.
  • Previous methods lacked the temporal resolution to directly observe ultrafast atomic dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly measure the time constants of relaxation dynamics in core-excited atoms.
  • To develop and apply a novel attosecond-resolution pump-probe spectroscopy technique.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a laser-based sampling system with a few-femtosecond visible pulse and a synchronized sub-femtosecond soft X-ray pulse.
  • Employed a pump-probe experimental setup for time-domain measurements.
  • Investigated core-excited krypton atoms.

Main Results:

  • Successfully traced atomic relaxation dynamics directly in the time domain with attosecond resolution.
  • Measured the lifetime of M-shell vacancies in krypton to be 7.9(-0.9)(+1.0) femtoseconds.

Conclusions:

  • The developed pump-probe technique enables direct observation of ultrafast atomic dynamics.
  • Provides a precise measurement of M-shell vacancy lifetimes, advancing understanding of atomic relaxation processes.