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Effortful control: factor structure and relation to externalizing and internalizing behaviors.

Kathleen T Murray1, Grazyna Kochanska

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72703-1201, USA. ktmurray@uark.edu

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
|October 31, 2002
PubMed
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Effortful control, a child

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Child Temperament Research

Background:

  • Effortful control is a key temperament trait influencing child development.
  • Understanding its structure and impact on adaptive functioning is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the structure of effortful control in typically developing children.
  • To examine the relationship between effortful control and adaptive functioning.
  • To investigate nonlinear associations with behavior problems.

Main Methods:

  • A 4-year longitudinal study of 103 children from toddlerhood to early school age.
  • Assessment of effortful control using a comprehensive, age-appropriate behavioral battery across three time points.
  • Exploratory factor analyses and examination of associations with mother-reported behavior problems.

Related Experiment Videos

Main Results:

  • Effortful control is a complex, multidimensional construct with stable factors over time.
  • A nonlinear relationship was found between effortful control and total behavior problems.
  • Both low and high levels of effortful control were associated with higher problem scores.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support the multidimensional nature of effortful control.
  • Temperament's nonlinear contribution to early childhood behaviors is significant.
  • Implications for temperament assessment and understanding child behavior problems.