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Related Concept Videos

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

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Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
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Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

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Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary...
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Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

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The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the...
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Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

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Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at...
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Amperometry: Overview01:10

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Amperometry is a technique commonly used to measure the concentration of specific analytes in a solution by monitoring the electric current generated during an electrochemical reaction. It involves applying a constant potential between a working electrode and a reference electrode to measure the resulting current, which is proportional to the concentration of the analyte. The Clark oxygen electrode operates based on this principle of amperometry. It consists of a cathode and an anode enclosed...
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Complexometric Titration: Overview00:39

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Complexometric titration involves the formation of a complex by reacting a metal ion with one or more ligands. A visual indicator often detects the end point of a complexometric titration. It is added to the metal solution before the titration, forming a stable metal–indicator complex and imparting color to the solution. As the titration approaches the equivalence point, the excess of the added ligand displaces the indicator from the metal–indicator complex, releasing the free...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Qualitative Identification of Carboxylic Acids, Boronic Acids, and Amines Using Cruciform Fluorophores
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A selective colorimetric anion sensor based on an amide group containing macrocycle.

Piotr Piatek1, Janusz Jurczak

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|November 15, 2002
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel colorimetric sensor enables simple, naked-eye identification of fluoride, acetate, and dihydrogen phosphate anions. This sensor distinguishes between anions with similar basicity, offering a straightforward analytical method.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Accurate anion detection is crucial in environmental monitoring and chemical analysis.
  • Distinguishing between anions with similar chemical properties, such as basicity, presents a significant analytical challenge.
  • Development of simple, cost-effective sensing methods is highly desirable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a new colorimetric sensor for the selective detection of specific anions.
  • To enable naked-eye differentiation of fluoride (F-), acetate (AcO-), and dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4-) ions.
  • To demonstrate the sensor's efficacy in distinguishing between anions with comparable basicity.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of a novel colorimetric sensor molecule (designated as 4).
  • Spectrophotometric analysis to observe color changes upon interaction with target anions.
  • Visual inspection ('naked-eye' observation) of color changes for anion differentiation.

Main Results:

  • The developed sensor 4 exhibited distinct colorimetric responses to F-, AcO-, and H2PO4-.
  • Selective differentiation of these anions was achieved even when they possessed similar basicity.
  • The sensor provided a clear visual signal for each target anion, facilitating 'naked-eye' recognition.

Conclusions:

  • The new colorimetric sensor 4 offers a practical and selective method for identifying F-, AcO-, and H2PO4-.
  • This sensor provides a valuable tool for rapid, visual anion analysis, particularly in scenarios requiring differentiation of species with similar chemical properties.
  • The findings highlight the potential of this sensor for applications in chemical sensing and analysis.