Mario Gozzano: the work of an EEG pioneer

The study of the early history of electroencephalography can yield fascinating insights and surprises. A revisit to the work of Mario Gozzano (1898-1986) has proved to be particularly stimulating. His EEG study of 1935 is a classic and should be resurrected from the graveyard of history. Gozzano was an eminent clinical neurologist-epileptologist and chairman of the neurological-psychiatric university departments in Cagliari, Pisa, Bologna and, from 1951 to his retirement, in Rome. He quickly recognized the significance of EEG and produced his major experimental EEG work in the wake of a stay at the Berlin-Buch Brain Institute. His prolonged corticograms of various regions in the rabbit demonstrated striking differences between various cortical areas. Topical cortical strychnine produced spikes (a barely known phenomenon at that time) and the evolution from interictal to ictal spiking. Spikes induced by visual stimuli may be regarded as precursors of evoked potentials. While Hans Berger was a holist ("the brain working as a whole"), Gozzano (influenced by Vogt and Kornmueller) provided EEG support for the localizationists.