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Ophthalmological problems of the premature infant
1Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-9028, USA. mrepka@jhmi.edu
Insights
Preterm infants face higher risks of vision problems, including retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), which worsens with earlier birth. These infants also show increased rates of other visual impairments and potential long-term complications.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology
- Neonatology
- Pediatric Vision
Background:
- Preterm infants exhibit a higher incidence of visual system abnormalities compared to full-term infants.
- These abnormalities can lead to significant vision reduction and impact overall development.
Purpose of the Study:
- To summarize the spectrum of visual impairments in preterm infants.
- To highlight the commonality and severity of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in this population.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on visual abnormalities in preterm infants.
- Analysis of the relationship between gestational age and ROP severity.
Main Results:
- Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the most frequent issue, with severity inversely proportional to gestational age.
- Preterm infants have elevated risks of amblyopia, strabismus, refractive errors, and cortical visual impairment.
- Neonatal brain injury is linked to cortical visual impairment, with later risks of glaucoma and retinal detachments.
Conclusions:
- Preterm birth is a major risk factor for a wide range of visual impairments.
- Early detection and management of ROP and other visual issues are crucial for preterm infants.
- Long-term ophthalmic surveillance is necessary for preterm infants due to risks of secondary conditions.
Abstract:
Preterm infants are more likely than term infants to have significant abnormalities of all parts of the visual system leading to reduced vision. The most common problem is retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The frequency and severity of this disorder is inversely related to gestational age. Damage ranges from minor to catastrophic. Preterm infants also have higher rates of amblyopia, strabismus, refractive error, and cortical visual impairment. The later problem is largely associated with neonatal brain injury. Years later, these children may develop glaucoma and retinal detachments.