Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Density dependent re-tuning of autoreactive T cells alleviates their pathogenicity in a lymphopenic environment.

Immunology letters·2017
Same author

Ndrg1 is a T-cell clonal anergy factor negatively regulated by CD28 costimulation and interleukin-2.

Nature communications·2015
Same author

Specific gut commensal flora locally alters T cell tuning to endogenous ligands.

Immunity·2013
Same author

Subsets of nonclonal neighboring CD4+ T cells specifically regulate the frequency of individual antigen-reactive T cells.

Immunity·2012
Same author

At low precursor frequencies, the T-cell response to chronic self-antigen results in anergy without deletion.

European journal of immunology·2012
Same author

Development and tolerization of hyperacute rejection in a transgenic mouse graft versus host model.

Transplantation·2012

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
15:33

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Published on: August 13, 2013

T cell anergy.

Ronald H Schwartz1

  • 1Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0420, USA. rs34r@nih.gov

Annual Review of Immunology
|December 10, 2002
PubMed
Summary

T cell anergy is a key immune tolerance mechanism where lymphocytes become functionally inactivated but remain alive. Two main types, clonal anergy and adaptive tolerance, differ in their causes and effects on T cells.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • T cell anergy is a critical mechanism of immune tolerance.
  • It involves the functional inactivation of lymphocytes following antigen encounter, maintaining hyporesponsiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate the two primary models of T cell anergy: clonal anergy and adaptive tolerance (in vivo anergy).
  • To describe the distinct molecular pathways and cellular origins of each anergy type.
  • To explore the implications of these anergic states in regulatory T cells.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of T cell activation, proliferation, and effector function pathways.
  • Investigation of signaling blocks in Ras/MAP kinase and tyrosine kinase pathways.
  • Examination of the role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor signaling and costimulatory/coinhibitory environments.

More Related Videos

Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells
05:47

Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Published on: August 19, 2014

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
09:47

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
15:33

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Published on: August 13, 2013

Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells
05:47

Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Published on: August 19, 2014

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
09:47

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

Main Results:

  • Clonal anergy, primarily in activated T cells, involves Ras/MAP kinase pathway arrest and can be reversed by IL-2 or anti-OX40.
  • Adaptive tolerance, often in naive T cells, features tyrosine kinase and IL-2 receptor signaling blocks, reversing upon antigen withdrawal.
  • Both anergic states share features with regulatory T cells, potentially modulating immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • T cell anergy encompasses distinct states with unique induction pathways and functional consequences.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for managing immune tolerance and autoimmune diseases.
  • Anergy in regulatory T cells may prevent premature termination of immune responses.