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Updated: Jul 29, 2026

Measuring Bone Remodeling and Recreating the Tumor-Bone Microenvironment Using Calvaria Co-culture and Histomorphometry
Published on: March 14, 2020
Molecular aspects of bone healing and remodeling
1Department of Surgical Research and Transplantology, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa. szczesny@cmdik.pan.pl
Abstract:
The process of fracture healing involves a complex series of coordinated cellular and molecular processes leading to removal of material contaminating the wound, angiogenesis validating restoration of disrupted microcirculation, and restoration of bone continuity by activation, proliferation and chemotaxis of bone progenitors from surrounding periosteum and endosteum. The regulation of various cell populations that orchestrate in this process depends on the biological effect evoked by cytokines and growth factors. The paper presents the state-of-the-art knowledge of the influence of growth factors and cytokines, namely TGF-beta, BMP, IGF, PDGF, FGF, NO, IL-1, IL-6, IL-11 on the process of fracture healing.
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