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Related Concept Videos

Bone Markings01:26

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...
The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints01:03

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
Suture
All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...
Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary or...
Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Whole Mount Imaging to Visualize and Quantify Peripheral Lens Structure, Cell Morphology, and Organization
05:45

Whole Mount Imaging to Visualize and Quantify Peripheral Lens Structure, Cell Morphology, and Organization

Published on: January 19, 2024

[The function of Tenon's capsule revisited].

A Roth1, H Mühlendyck, Ph De Gottrau

  • 1Hôpital de la Tour, 3, avenue Maillard, CH 1217, Meyrin/Genève, Suisse, France.

Journal Francais D'Ophtalmologie
|January 8, 2003
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tenon's capsule functions as a crucial pulley for extraocular muscles, essential for maintaining eye alignment. Anomalies in this pulley system can lead to strabismus and other muscle imbalances.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Anatomy
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Tenon's capsule, historically recognized for its role in eye muscle function, has been described in detail by researchers including Tenon, Neiger, Koornneef, and Demer.
  • The anterior portion of Tenon's capsule comprises collagen, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle, forming a sleeve around extraocular muscles from the Tenon foramen to scleral insertion.
  • This anterior part features a strong capsular-muscular adherence zone, reinforced by the intermuscular membrane, and is suspended to the orbital periosteum.

Discussion:

  • Tenon's capsule acts as a pulley, diverting the path of extraocular muscles and defining their functional insertion.
  • The pulley's stability during perpendicular movements is maintained by the adherence zone's radial and transversal fastening.
  • During axial movements, the pulley actively moves with the globe, demonstrating its dynamic role in ocular motility.

Key Insights:

  • Anomalies in Tenon's capsule pulleys, such as positional errors, instability, displacement, or pathological adherence, are implicated in extraocular muscle imbalances.
  • These pulley dysfunctions can be a primary cause or contributing factor to strabismus.
  • Surgical interventions on extraocular muscles inherently involve the associated muscle pulley.

Outlook:

  • Further research into the biomechanics of Tenon's capsule pulleys could refine surgical techniques for strabismus.
  • Understanding pulley behavior is critical for developing targeted treatments for muscle palsies and other ocular motility disorders.
  • Detailed analysis of pulley anomalies may lead to novel diagnostic methods for diagnosing subtle forms of strabismus.