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Development of the upper lip.

Craig W Senders1, Erik C Peterson, Andrew G Hendrickx

  • 1University of California, Davis, USA. cwsenders@ucdavis.edu

Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery
|January 21, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Researchers reanalyzed primate upper-lip development, discovering a new fusion process. This "dynamic fusion theory" refines understanding of facial prominence merging and its role in preventing cleft lip.

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Area of Science:

  • Embryology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Primate Facial Development

Background:

  • George L. Streeter's "merging theory" is the established model for upper-lip development in primates.
  • Understanding the precise mechanisms of facial prominence fusion is crucial for comprehending normal development and congenital anomalies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-examine George L. Streeter's "merging theory" of primate upper-lip development.
  • To observe and analyze progressive embryonic stages of facial development using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  • To elucidate the process of upper-lip formation and propose a modified theory.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine 20 primate embryos (Macaca fascicularis) and 2 fetuses.
  • Sequentially observed the development of the frontonasal, maxillary, medial nasal, and lateral nasal prominences.
  • Analyzed the contribution of these facial prominences to the formation of the upper lip and nose.

Main Results:

  • Identified that the maxillary prominence and medial nasal prominence form the upper lip.
  • Observed a previously undescribed fusion between the maxillary prominence and the medial nasal prominence.
  • Proposed a modified theory of upper-lip development termed the "dynamic fusion theory" based on these findings.

Conclusions:

  • The "dynamic fusion theory" explains the merging of mesenchymal and ectodermal layers during upper-lip formation.
  • Proper fusion of epithelial layers, as detailed by the dynamic fusion theory, is essential for preventing cleft lip deformities.
  • This study refines the understanding of facial development and provides insights into the etiology of cleft lip.

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