Biological mechanisms influencing the function of the aortic root

Optimal function of the aortic root relies upon the ability of its component structures to move in a coordinated fashion. Some of the cells that make up the structures of the aortic root have been shown to contain nerves, receptors, and contractile elements. The ability to contract or relax may contribute to the successful function of the valve by allowing it to move in a coordinated manner in response to biological stimuli. It is known that cusp tissue receives primary, sensory, and autonomic nerves, suggesting a role for neuronal regulation of cusp function. In addition, cusp tissue has been shown to express a wide variety of receptors and to contract to a range of common vasoactive agents. The cells that constitute the valve have also shown secretory and proliferative responses. The biological signals that mediate the cross-talk between the different parts of the root have not been established. This review will examine the mechanisms that have been documented to be present and to assess their potential contribution in affecting aortic valve function.