Importance of trials versus accumulating time across trials in partially reinforced appetitive conditioning

Four experiments with rats examined partial reinforcement in appetitive conditioning. In Experiment 1, adding nonreinforced trials to a continuous reinforcement schedule slowed acquisition, whereas deleting reinforcers did not. Trial massing suppressed performance and learning. In Experiment 2, conditioning with a short conditioned stimulus (CS) was rapid, and partial reinforcement with a short CS was as effective as continuous reinforcement with equal accumulated time in the CS. In Experiment 3, conditioning was nevertheless influenced by the probability of reinforcement. In Experiments 3 and 4, conditioning was especially disrupted when nonreinforced trials preceded reinforced trials closely in time. The results underscore the importance of temporal variables in conditioning but are more consistent with trial-based accounts than time-accumulation accounts of conditioning.