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Related Concept Videos

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Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
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Assay for Blood-brain Barrier Integrity in Drosophila melanogaster
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Tor signalling in bugs, brain and brawn.

Estela Jacinto1, Michael N Hall

  • 1Division of Biochemistry, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|February 4, 2003
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The target of rapamycin (TOR) protein kinase regulates cell growth in both dividing and non-dividing cells. It controls cellular growth by interacting with regulatory proteins and inhibiting phosphatases.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • The target of rapamycin (TOR) is a highly conserved protein kinase.
  • TOR is a key regulator of cell growth in response to nutrients.
  • TOR is also a target for immunosuppressant and anti-cancer drugs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the role of TOR in controlling cell growth.
  • To highlight recent findings on TOR's function in non-proliferating cells.
  • To explain the molecular mechanisms by which TOR regulates effector activity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent findings on TOR.
  • Analysis of TOR's association with regulatory proteins.
  • Investigation of TOR's inhibition of phosphatases.

Main Results:

  • TOR controls the growth of proliferating cells (yeast, fly, mammalian) in response to nutrients.
  • TOR also regulates the growth of non-proliferating cells, including neurons and muscle cells.
  • TOR modulates the activity of multiphosphorylated effectors through protein associations and phosphatase inhibition.

Conclusions:

  • TOR is a central regulator of cell growth across diverse cell types.
  • TOR's function extends beyond proliferating cells to include differentiated, non-proliferating cells.
  • Understanding TOR's regulatory mechanisms is crucial for therapeutic applications in cancer and immunosuppression.