The hydration of amides in helices; a comprehensive picture from molecular dynamics, IR, and NMR

We examined the hydration of amides of alpha(3)D, a simple, designed three-helix bundle protein. Molecular dynamics calculations show that the amide carbonyls on the surface of the protein tilt away from the helical axis to interact with solvent water, resulting in a lengthening of the hydrogen bonds on this face of the helix. Water molecules are bonded to these carbonyl groups with partial occupancy ( approximately 50%-70%), and their interaction geometries show a large variation in their hydrogen bond lengths and angles on the nsec time scale. This heterogeneity is reflected in the carbonyl stretching vibration (amide I' band) of a group of surface Ala residues. The surface-exposed amides are broad, and shift to lower frequency (reflecting strengthening of the hydrogen bonds) as the temperature is decreased. By contrast, the amide I' bands of the buried (13)C-labeled Leu residues are significantly sharper and their frequencies are consistent with the formation of strong hydrogen bonds, independent of temperature. The rates of hydrogen-deuterium exchange and the proton NMR chemical shifts of the helical amide groups also depend on environment. The partial occupancy of the hydration sites on the surface of helices suggests that the interaction is relatively weak, on the order of thermal energy at room temperature. One unexpected feature that emerged from the dynamics calculations was that a Thr side chain subtly disrupted the helical geometry 4-7 residues N-terminal in sequence, which was reflected in the proton chemical shifts and the rates of amide proton exchange for several amides that engage in a mixed 3(10)/alpha/pi-helical conformation.