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Factors contributing to bone conduction: the outer ear.

Stefan Stenfelt1, Timothy Wild, Naohito Hato

  • 1Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA. stenfelt@s2.chalmers.se

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|February 25, 2003
PubMed
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Bone conduction (BC) hearing is mainly influenced by direct cochlear stimulation, not ear canal sound pressure, especially in open ear canals. However, ear canal occlusion can significantly impact BC hearing at specific frequencies.

Area of Science:

  • Otology
  • Bioacoustics
  • Auditory Physiology

Background:

  • Understanding bone conduction (BC) hearing mechanisms is crucial for audiology and hearing aid development.
  • The role of the ear canal's acoustic properties in BC hearing requires further elucidation.
  • Previous research has not fully quantified the contribution of ear canal sound pressure to BC hearing thresholds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure ear canal sound pressure and malleus umbo velocity under various conditions with bone conduction (BC) stimulation.
  • To compare BC-stimulated umbo velocity with air-conduction (AC) stimulated umbo velocity.
  • To determine the significance of ear canal sound pressure for BC hearing across different ear canal states.

Main Methods:

  • Measurements of ear canal sound pressure and malleus umbo velocity using cadaver heads (n=9 ears) and temporal bone specimens (n=4).

Related Experiment Videos

  • Testing across a frequency range of 0.1 to 10 kHz under conditions including open/occluded ear canals, post-jaw resection, and with/without tympanic membrane (TM) and canal cartilage.
  • Comparison of BC-induced umbo velocity with AC-induced umbo velocity.

    • Main Results:

    • Sound pressure was ~10 dB higher in intact ear canals compared to those with cartilage removed.
    • Occlusion effect reached ~20 dB at low frequencies in intact canals, diminishing with canal sectioning.
    • Ear canal sound pressure with BC stimulation was not significant for BC hearing in normal open canals.
    • BC-induced ear canal sound pressure was ~10 dB below AC thresholds below 2 kHz, increasing at higher frequencies.
    • With ear canal occlusion, BC hearing was dominated by outer ear canal sound pressure between 0.4–1.2 kHz.

    Conclusions:

    • Ear canal sound pressure plays a minimal role in bone conduction hearing with an open ear canal.
    • The occlusion effect significantly influences BC hearing, particularly at lower frequencies (0.4–1.2 kHz) when the ear canal is occluded.
    • Resonance properties of the ear canal are critical in determining occlusion effects at higher frequencies.