Movement disorders in children and adolescents
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Updated: Sep 27, 2026

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
Published on: November 21, 2013
William M McMahon1, Francis M Filloux, James C Ashworth
1Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. william.mcmahon@hsc.utah.edu
Abstract:
Tourette syndrome (TS), Sydenham chorea, and drug-induced dyskinesias are prototypical movement disorders affecting children. Underlying involvement of basal ganglia has been apparent for several decades, but new neuroimaging studies are adding detail to this mechanism. Genetic studies of TS and tardive dyskinesia may further reveal the underlying pathophysiology. Most provocative is the new conceptual model of poststreptococcal autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder. Although unproven, substantial support for this model comes from immunologic, family, neuroimaging, and treatment studies.
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