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Related Concept Videos

The Tongue and Taste Buds00:49

The Tongue and Taste Buds

The surface of the tongue is covered with various small bumps called papillae, which either distribute what has been ingested (filiform papillae) or contain the sensory taste (or gustatory) receptor cells (fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae). Embedded within each taste-related papilla are the taste buds—clusters of 30 to 100 gustatory receptor cells.
Oral Cavity01:11

Oral Cavity

The oral cavity, or the mouth, is a complex structure in humans that plays a vital role in our day-to-day lives. Its role is not only in chewing and swallowing food; it also plays a role in speech and facial expressions.
Teeth: The teeth are the hardest structures in our bodies. Humans have two sets of teeth throughout their lifetime: deciduous (baby) teeth and permanent teeth. Each tooth consists of several parts: the crown (visible part), the root (embedded in the jaw), enamel (hard outer...
Deglutition01:25

Deglutition

Swallowing, otherwise known as deglutition, facilitates the transport of food from the mouth to the stomach. It is a multifaceted process that involves both the tongue and the muscles of the throat and esophagus. Saliva and mucus aid in this process, which takes approximately 4 to 8 seconds for semi-solid or solid food and around 1 second for liquids or very soft food.
Swallowing can be divided into three stages: the voluntary phase, the pharyngeal phase, and the esophageal phase. Although the...
Assessment of the Mouth01:26

Assessment of the Mouth

A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.
Suctioning the Oropharyngeal Airway01:25

Suctioning the Oropharyngeal Airway

In preparing for oropharyngeal airway suctioning, a nurse must gather all necessary equipment, including a suction unit with tubing, a prepackaged suction kit, sterile gloves, water or saline for irrigation, a water-soluble lubricant, and additional personal protective equipment (such as a gown, mask, and goggles) to control infections.
After assembling the equipment, the nurse should practice hand hygiene and don appropriate PPE according to infection control guidelines to avoid the...
Esophageal Achalasia01:27

Esophageal Achalasia

Esophageal achalasia is a chronic neurogenic disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and absent or ineffective peristalsis in the distal esophagus. This leads to a functional obstruction without a physical blockage, despite significant disruption of esophageal motility.EtiologyAchalasia is caused by degeneration of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, specifically the loss of inhibitory ganglion cells that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Method of Studying Palatal Fusion using Static Organ Culture
04:58

Method of Studying Palatal Fusion using Static Organ Culture

Published on: September 19, 2015

Cleft lip and palate: the Jos experience.

K S Orkar1, B T Ugwu, J T Momoh

  • 1Department of Surgery, Jos University Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 2076, Jos, Nigeria.

East African Medical Journal
|March 15, 2003
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study on cleft lip/palate in Nigeria found the anomaly was more common on the left and in later siblings. Public awareness can improve early presentation and treatment outcomes.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Method of Studying Palatal Fusion using Static Organ Culture
04:58

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Published on: September 19, 2015

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06:10

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Published on: July 27, 2017

Isolation and Time-Lapse Imaging of Primary Mouse Embryonic Palatal Mesenchyme Cells to Analyze Collective Movement Attributes
07:13

Isolation and Time-Lapse Imaging of Primary Mouse Embryonic Palatal Mesenchyme Cells to Analyze Collective Movement Attributes

Published on: February 13, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Craniofacial Surgery
  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Medical Genetics

Background:

  • Cleft lip and palate (CLP) are common congenital anomalies with significant impact on affected individuals.
  • Understanding the epidemiological patterns and treatment outcomes is crucial for improving patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the occurrence patterns of cleft lip/palate.
  • To identify factors influencing treatment outcomes in a Nigerian population.

Main Methods:

  • A descriptive study was conducted at Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.
  • Data from 107 consecutive patients with CLP, managed between 1991 and 1997, were analyzed.
  • The study examined demographic data, anomaly presentation, associated conditions, and treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • The male/female ratio was 1.1:1, with CLP being 2.4 times more common on the left.
  • Cleft lip alone was the most frequent presentation (52%), with higher incidence in 3rd and 4th siblings.
  • Complications occurred in 14.9% of patients, but 89% of repairs were satisfactory to parents.

Conclusions:

  • The observed low incidence may be due to underreporting, particularly in rural areas.
  • Public enlightenment programs are recommended to encourage earlier presentation for better management.
  • Addressing associated congenital anomalies and surgical complications is vital for optimal outcomes.