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Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

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In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
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Understanding the variety of primary symptoms and systemic complications that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial for healthcare professionals.
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Breathing01:05

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The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
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Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs
08:58

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

Published on: October 31, 2025

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Inflammation and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Christian P Speer1

  • 1University Children's Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany. speer_c@klinik.uni-wuerzburg.de

Seminars in Neonatology : SN
|April 2, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Pulmonary inflammation is central to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) pathogenesis. Inflammatory mediators harm lung structures, impacting development in preterm infants.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Pediatric Pathology

Background:

  • Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease in preterm infants.
  • Pulmonary inflammation is a critical factor in BPD development and progression.
  • Multiple risk factors contribute to the inflammatory process in BPD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of pulmonary inflammation in BPD pathogenesis.
  • To understand how inflammatory mediators affect lung structures in BPD.
  • To explore the impact of antenatal factors on postnatal inflammatory responses in BPD.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of inflammatory cells, cytokines, and humoral mediators in infant airways and lung tissue.
  • Assessment of the effects of mediators on cell integrity and apoptosis.

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  • Investigation of the link between intrauterine exposures and postnatal inflammatory responses.

    • Main Results:

    • Inflammatory cells, cytokines, and mediators are present in BPD lungs.
    • Specific mediators directly damage pulmonary structures, causing cell apoptosis.
    • An imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors signifies lung injury.

    Conclusions:

    • Pulmonary inflammation is a key driver of BPD pathogenesis.
    • Antenatal factors like infection can sensitize the fetal lung to postnatal injury.
    • Inflammation significantly impairs alveolization and vascular development in BPD infants.