Gene expression profiling of the early pulmonary response to hyperoxia in mice

To identify molecular events occurring during the early response to hyperoxia, we measured changes over time in total lung gene expression in C57BL/6 mice during prolonged exposure to > 95% O2. Specifically, differential gene expression of > 8,734 sequence-verified murine complementary DNAs was analyzed after 0, 8, 24, and 48 h of O2 exposure, with additional genes of interest analyzed at 24 h. Of the 385 genes differentially expressed, hyperoxia increased expression of 175 genes (2.0%) and decreased expression of 210 genes (2.3%). The majority of "classic" antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, MnSOD, and Cu-Zn SOD, showed no change in expression during hyperoxia, with a number of other antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) Pi1, GST mu2, and heme oxygenase-1 showing relatively moderate increases. The exception was the heavy metal-binding protein metallothionein, which increased expression over 7-fold after 48 h of O2. We found no change in the expression of a number of known proinflammatory genes after 24 or 48 h of hyperoxia. A large increase in p21 expression was demonstrated, suggesting overall inhibition of cell cycle progression. Increases of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-XL were counterbalanced by similar increases of the proapoptotic gene BAX. New findings included significant increases in expression of cysteine-rich protein 61(cyr61) at 48 h, suggesting a potential role for this factor in angiogenesis or remodeling of the extra cellular matrix during recovery from hyperoxia. In addition, downregulation of thrombomodulin expression occurred by 24 h and was further decreased at 48 h. Given the importance of thrombomodulin/thrombin interaction in regulating protein C activity, decreases in thrombomodulin may contribute to activation of the coagulation and inflammatory cascades and development of lung injury with hyperoxia.