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Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Evaluating the Effect of Environmental Chemicals on Honey Bee Development from the Individual to Colony Level
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Hormone-dependent protein patterns in integument and cuticular pigmentation in Apis mellifera during pharate adult

A E. Santos1, M M.G. Bitondi, Z L.P. Simões

  • 1Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras; Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade de São Paulo, Av Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil

Journal of Insect Physiology
|May 29, 2003
PubMed

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Epistasis

In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
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Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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Introduction to the Integumentary System

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Papillary Dermis

Dermis
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Pigmentation

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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types

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