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A reflection and evaluation model of comparative thinking.

Keith D Markman1, Matthew N McMullen

  • 1Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens 45701, USA. markman@ohio.edu

Personality and Social Psychology Review : an Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc
|June 6, 2003
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces the Reflection and Evaluation Model (REM) for understanding comparative thinking. REM explains how simulating comparisons influences self-perception, emotions, and future actions.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Cognitive Science
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Comparative thinking involves mental simulations about oneself in relation to others or different scenarios.
  • Existing research on counterfactual, social, and temporal comparisons lacks a unified framework.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose the Reflection and Evaluation Model (REM) as an organizing framework for comparative thinking.
  • To delineate two distinct modes of mental simulation: reflection and evaluation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing research on counterfactual, social, and temporal comparisons.
  • Theoretical proposal of the Reflection and Evaluation Model (REM).

Main Results:

  • Reflection involves experiential simulation, integrating comparison standards with self-construal, leading to affective assimilation.

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  • Evaluation uses comparison standards as reference points, excluding them from self-construal, resulting in affective contrast.
  • Affective outcomes influence behavioral persistence, guided by causal inferences and regulatory focus.

    • Conclusions:

    • REM provides a novel framework for understanding the psychological processes underlying comparative thinking.
    • The model integrates how different comparison types influence self-perception, emotional responses, and future behavior.