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Related Concept Videos

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems01:26

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

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Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...
203
Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Delayed-Release Systems01:11

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Delayed-Release Systems

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Delayed-release drug delivery systems are specialized pharmaceutical formulations designed to postpone the release of active compounds until the drug reaches a specific region of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, typically the intestine. These systems are essential for drugs that may cause gastric irritation, are unstable in acidic environments, or need to exert therapeutic effects locally in the intestinal or colonic regions.The core feature of delayed-release systems is the use of enteric...
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Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

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Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
211
Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Introduction01:23

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Introduction

208
Oral drug delivery is the most common route of administration due to its convenience, cost-effectiveness, and high patient compliance. It enables precise formulation to ensure proper drug dosage and bioavailability. The development of oral dosage forms considers drug properties such as solubility, stability, and absorption to optimize therapeutic efficacy.Tablets, capsules, liquids, and chewable formulations enhance drug stability, mask undesirable tastes, and improve patient experience.
208
Hand hygiene01:23

Hand hygiene

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
Hand washing...
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Teeth01:15

Teeth

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The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
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Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Evaluating the Effects of Different Polishing Methods on Color Stability of Dental Restorations in Pediatric Dentistry
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Over-the-counter tooth-whitening systems.

Gerard Kugel1

  • 1Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry (Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995)
|June 10, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Over-the-counter (OTC) tooth-whitening products are popular but lack FDA regulation, raising efficacy and safety concerns. Consumers should use caution, especially with ill-fitting tray-based systems, to avoid potential harm.

Area of Science:

  • Cosmetic Dentistry
  • Dental Materials Science

Background:

  • Increasing consumer demand for esthetic dental care drives the market for over-the-counter (OTC) tooth-whitening products.
  • The efficacy and safety of many OTC whitening products are questionable due to a lack of rigorous clinical testing, as they are not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of OTC tooth-whitening products.
  • To inform clinicians about the types, potential risks, and benefits of OTC whitening options available to patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of available literature and market analysis of OTC tooth-whitening products.
  • Analysis of active ingredients (hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide) and delivery systems (tray-based, paint-on, strips, dentifrices).

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Main Results:

  • OTC tooth whiteners contain hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide, with varying delivery methods.
  • Tray-based systems pose risks like soft-tissue injury and malocclusion if ill-fitting.
  • Non-tray-based systems (strips, paint-on) and whitening dentifrices are popular, convenient, and cost-effective, with dentifrices primarily working via abrasion.

Conclusions:

  • Clinicians need to be knowledgeable about OTC whitening products to guide patients effectively.
  • Patient education on proper use and potential risks of OTC whitening products is crucial for safe and optimal outcomes.