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Related Concept Videos

Buffers02:56

Buffers

A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
Frames01:30

Frames

Frames are essential components of various mechanical and structural systems used daily. These structures are known for their stability and ability to bear heavy loads. A frame is constructed using two-force and multi-force members, interconnected using pin joints. In contrast, trusses are made entirely of two-force members.
Frames are versatile and widely used in various applications such as structural supports for beams and columns, automobile chassis construction, and in the construction...
Frames: Problem Solving I01:24

Frames: Problem Solving I

Consider a jib crane with an external load suspended from the pulley. The dimensions of the crane members are shown in the figure. A systematic analysis of the frame structure is required to determine the reaction forces at the pin joints, assuming that the pulleys are frictionless.
Frames: Problem Solving II01:26

Frames: Problem Solving II

Consider a hydraulic hoist supporting a load of 1 kN. Assuming a simplified schematic representation of this frame structure, the force acting on BD and BF members can be determined.
Buffers: Buffer Capacity01:09

Buffers: Buffer Capacity

Buffer capacity is the quantitative measure of a buffer to resist the change in pH. As shown in the following equation, the buffer capacity, denoted by 'beta', is expressed as the number of moles of acid or base needed to change the pH of a one-liter buffer solution by 1 unit. Here, Ca and Cb indicate the number of moles of acid and base, respectively. Note that dpH represents the change in pH.
In the graph, pH is plotted as a function of the number of moles of base (Cb) added to a weak acid...
Buffers: Overview01:30

Buffers: Overview

Buffers play a crucial role in stabilizing the pH of a solution by mitigating the effects of small amounts of added acid or base. They consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl (aq).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

A Method to Estimate Cadaveric Femur Cortical Strains During Fracture Testing Using Digital Image Correlation
09:34

A Method to Estimate Cadaveric Femur Cortical Strains During Fracture Testing Using Digital Image Correlation

Published on: September 14, 2017

Frame count reserve.

Martin G Stoel1, Felix Zijlstra, Cees A Visser

  • 1Hospital of the Free University, Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. mg.stoel@vumc.nl

Circulation
|June 11, 2003
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

TIMI frame count reserve (FCR) can estimate coronary flow velocity reserve (CVR). This angiographic method offers a valuable alternative for assessing coronary stenosis significance in the catheterization lab.

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

A Method to Estimate Cadaveric Femur Cortical Strains During Fracture Testing Using Digital Image Correlation
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A Method to Estimate Cadaveric Femur Cortical Strains During Fracture Testing Using Digital Image Correlation

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Evaluation of Coronary Flow Reserve After Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion in Rats

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Interventional Cardiology
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

  • Coronary flow velocity reserve (CVR) assesses coronary stenosis but requires interventional cardiologists.
  • An alternative angiographic method is needed for routine use in catheterization labs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between TIMI frame count reserve (FCR) and CVR.
  • To determine if FCR can serve as an angiographic surrogate for CVR.

Main Methods:

  • Calculated relative FCR and CVR in 38 patients for LAD and LCx.
  • Measured vessel length and calculated frame count flow velocity.
  • Compared FCR and CVR, and relative FCR and relative CVR.

Main Results:

  • Strong correlation found between FCR and CVR (r=0.62) and relative FCR and relative CVR (r=0.84).
  • No significant differences in mean FCR and CVR between LAD and LCx.
  • Vessel length and TIMI frame count differed significantly between LAD and LCx, but flow velocity and volume flow estimations did not.

Conclusions:

  • Relative frame count reserve (FCR) can effectively estimate relative coronary flow velocity reserve (CVR).
  • FCR provides a viable angiographic alternative for assessing coronary stenosis significance.