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Pain Assessment for the Dementing Elderly (PADE): reliability and validity of a new measure
Michael R Villanueva1, Tricia L Smith, Janelle S Erickson
1Southern Oregon Neuropsychological Clinic, OR 97504, USA. mvsonc@wave.net
Objectives:
To establish the reliability and validity of a measure to assess pain in individuals with advanced dementia.
Design:
Sixty-five residents of long-term care facilities were assessed using a new rating tool, the Pain Assessment for the Dementing Elderly (PADE), in two separate studies: (1) Residents were assessed simultaneously by two different raters, at Time 1 and 2, to establish interrater reliability, stability, and internal consistency. (2) Validity was established by assessing the correlation between an agitation scale and the PADE; by comparing groups with pain as a significant clinical factor (as assessed by an independent rater) versus not a significant factor, and by assessing individuals receiving versus not receiving psychoactive medications.
Setting:
Four different long-term care facilities, three skilled nursing facilities, and a locked dementia assisted-living facility.
Participants:
Twenty-five residents of long-term care facilities with advanced levels of dementia in Study 1, and 40 residents with similar level of dementia in Study 2; 42% of the total sample were rated as having significant painful conditions.
Measurements:
For Study 1, the PADE was administered; for Study 2, the PADE and the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) were administered.
Results:
Reliability coefficients were adequate (interrater = 0.54-0.95; stability = 0.70-0.98; and internal consistency = 0.24-0.88). Validity coefficients were likewise encouraging, with the PADE demonstrating the expected relationship with a measure of agitation. The PADE also differentiated between groups that were independently judged to suffer clinically problematic pain versus those who were not.
Conclusion:
The PADE is a reliable and valid tool to assess pain in dementing elderly residents of long-term care facilities.
