Functional magnetic resonance imaging: a review of methodological aspects and clinical applications

This paper gives an overview of the recent literature on methodological developments of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and recent trends in clinical applications. With the recent introduction of high-field systems and methodological developments leading to more robust signal behavior, fMRI is in a transition state from a research modality for use by experts to a standard procedure with useful applications in patient management. Compared to the use in neuroscientific research, which is often based on BOLD techniques alone, the application in patients is distinguished by a multiparametric characterization of the brain using a combination of several techniques. Neuronal fiber tracking based on diffusion anisotropy measurements, in particular, has already turned out to provide relevant supplementary information to the BOLD-based cortical activation maps.