Approach to the Patient with Severe, Refractory Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Defining which patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are "refractory" is a highly subjective undertaking. Duration of symptoms, severity of symptoms, type of symptoms, and a host of other medical, epidemiologic, and psychosocial variables all play a role in this determination. It is safe to say that a long duration of disease per se does not constitute a refractory patient. A number of studies have given us some suggestion of what constitutes refractoriness in IBS. Patients who have a predominant pain complaint as opposed to those who are mainly concerned about their bowel habit (either diarrhea or constipation) are more likely to be disabled by their IBS. However, at a clinical level, patients who are considered refractory are usually seen as individuals who fail to improve on a variety of drug therapies or who have high healthcare utilization despite aggressive treatment of their IBS. Finally, patients who are unhappy about their care and/or are assertive in their request to "be cured" can also be seen as refractory because of unrealistic expectations they set for both themselves and the physician. The key to effectively dealing with patients with "refractory" IBS is to understand that their behaviors most often have correlates and underlying issues that need to be dealt with in order to effectively address the patient's concerns. Unfortunately, most patients who fall into this category are quickly identified as "difficult," "unpleasant," or even "crazy" and are not infrequently dismissed by their treating physician. This leads to an ever-enlarging circle of healthcare utilization, with patients seeking out physicians and other practitioners looking for the elusive cure. A key component of this process is an increasing frustration and cynicism regarding the healthcare system and physicians in particular, which does no good for anyone involved. It is clearly critical for the physician dealing with a patient with IBS and a history of poor response to treatment to understand these correlates. Failure to do so creates a continuation of the cycle of treatment failure and frustration that so often characterizes these patients' care.