[Acute drug poisoning].

Area of Science:

• Toxicology
• Pharmacology
• Emergency Medicine

Background:

• The spectrum of illicit substances of abuse is extensive, encompassing major drug classes.
• Key compounds include cannabinoids, opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, hallucinogens, phencyclidine, gamma-hydroxybutyrate, volatile nitrites, solvents, and nitrous oxide.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide an overview of the diverse range of illicit substances and their associated toxidromes.
• To emphasize the potential for severe complications even with substances of perceived low acute toxicity.
• To highlight the importance of symptomatic management and high clinical suspicion in cases of substance abuse.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of common illicit substances and their toxicological profiles.
• Analysis of mechanisms of action and resulting toxidromes.
• Discussion of therapeutic approaches and monitoring strategies.

Main Results:

• Illicit substances present with a wide array of toxidromes based on their distinct mechanisms of action.
• Even substances with generally low acute toxicity, such as ecstasy, can precipitate rare but severe or fatal outcomes.
• Therapeutic interventions are predominantly symptomatic, underscoring the need for careful patient monitoring.

Conclusions:

• Effective management of substance abuse requires recognizing the broad range of agents and their varied toxic effects.
• A high index of suspicion is crucial for identifying and managing severe complications promptly.
• Symptomatic treatment and close monitoring are key components of care in toxicology emergencies.