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Updated: Sep 23, 2026

Elucidating the Metabolism of 2,4-Dibromophenol in Plants
Published on: February 10, 2023
Determination of brominated flame retardants, with emphasis on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in
Adrian Covaci1, Stefan Voorspoels, Jacob de Boer
1Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerpen Wilrijk, Belgium. adrian.covavi@ua.ac.be
Abstract:
Analytical methods for the determination of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), with a special emphasis on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are reviewed. A number of procedures, which can be applied to the analysis of PBDEs and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and in some cases for hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), in environmental and human samples are described. Because several BFRs, such as tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A), BDE 209 and, to some extent, HBCD, may require a different approach, specific advice on their analysis is given separately when needed. Sample pretreatment, extraction, cleanup and fractionation, injection techniques, chromatographic separation, detection methods, quality control and method validation are discussed. For each topic, an overview is given of the current status of the field and recommendations for an appropriate analytical approach are presented.
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